[Africa-ir-public] CHAKULA Issue No. 11, August 2004: ICT Policy Advocacy in Africa

Tue Aug 31 09:41:31 SAST 2004

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CHAKULA Issue No. 11, August 2004: Africa ICT Policy Monitor Newsletter
from the APC

ICT Policy Advocacy in Africa

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1. Editorial
2. Main Features
-	ICT Policy and Regulatory Issues in Africa
-	Challenges in ICT Advocacy Involvement
-	Lessons Learned
-	What Next?
3. The Tug of War
4. ICT Policy News and Events
-	News
-	Events
5. Information and Resources
6. Subscribing to 'Chakula' Newsletter

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1. EDITORIAL

In this issue of Chakula, we focus on the recently held APC Regional ICT
Policy Advocacy Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, which brought together
participants from civil society, the media and the private sector to
plan actions to bring about positive change in the ICT policy and
regulatory environments in their countries.

Against this backdrop, we highlight some of the main information and
communication technology (ICT) policy and regulatory issues currently
debated including some identified by workshop participants. We also
discuss challenges faced by those involved in ICT policy advocacy and
conclude with a brief description of national advocacy campaigns planned
at the workshop.

APC Africa ICT Policy Monitor Team
http://africa.rights.apc.org

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2. ICT POLICY ADVOCACY IN AFRICA

* BACKGROUND

ICT policy issues in Africa have been in the spotlight in the recent
past at national, regional and global levels given the flurry of
activities surrounding ICTs and policy processes and ultimately the
World Summit on Information Society (WSIS). While the majority of people
in many African countries remain unaware of what ICT policy is all about
and its impact on their everyday lives, others have recently embarked on
serious advocacy activities in an effort to ensure their concerns are
taken into consideration in the ICT policy decision-making process.

For this reason, the Association for Progressive Communications (APC)
brought together a multi-stakeholder group of ICT policy advocates from
civil society, the media and private sector to network and build on
their capacity of to drive local ICT policy campaigns and advocacy
activities.

Read more about the motivation behind the workshop
http://africa.rights.apc.org/news-content.shtml?x=21956

* THE ISSUES

Anyone scanning ICT news across Africa will find that many countries are
currently undergoing government-led, internationally- backed reforms
geared to reducing poverty reduction in response to the widely
publicised United Nations Millennium Development Goals (http://
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/). ICT has taken centre stage in this new
development as it plays a crucial role in facilitating implementation,
and expanding the scope and coverage of the development agenda.

The most hotly-contested issues at the Nairobi workshop were access to
and affordability of ICTs and the reform of the telecommunications
sector. Another hotspot was the formulation and implementation of
national ICT policy processes ongoing in many countries for the last
decade or so.

Workshop participants highlighted a host of other policy areas impacting
on people as the use of ICTs becomes more and more entrenched in
everyday life. They included the issues of security, privacy and
censorship and the importance of locally-relevant content and the role
community media.

Cross-cutting areas also came to the fore such as gender and ICTs as
well as human capacity-building and education.

Encouragingly multi-stakeholder policy efforts targeting each or a
combination of issues have already resulted in new policy directives or
legislation or better practices, and groups involved in advocacy
activities are recognising the importance of their role in influencing
policy processes taking place at national, regional or global levels
that impacts in their work and daily life.

* National ICT Policy Processes and Issues

On the national front, many countries are going through national ICT
policy formulation processes (sometimes referred to as national
“e-strategies”) intended to assist countries to deploy, harness and
exploit ICTs for socio-economic development at the local, national and
sub-regional levels; and to enable citizens’ access to affordable
telephones, broadcasting, computers and internet services .  According
to a report by the United National Economic Commission for Africa (one
of the key agencies promoting this process in Africa) the number of
countries in the process of developing a national ICT policy jumped from
10 in 2000 to 21 in 2002  while the number of countries with ICT
policies in place increased from 13 to 16.

Targeted outcomes from any national ICT policy and related processes
ideally include concrete measures to create an enabling ICT environment
especially in governance, education, health and business sectors. Other
measures include the development of regulatory frameworks, the provision
of human capacity-building. Good processes involve all stakeholders to
ensure different issues and perspectives are taken into consideration
and also to provide an opportunity for interested groups to take an
active role at the implementation level.

During the Nairobi workshop, Dawit Bekele from the University of Addis
Ababa University alongside Abebe Chekol of the British Council in
Ethiopia discussed the Ethiopian ICT policy formulation process and
current situation. “The policy formulation process, was undertaken
between 1999 and 2002 and saw the establishment of an ICT development
authority in 2003 as one of its outcomes. However, the policy
formulation process had very limited inclusion of all stakeholders and
since 2003, there has been very little achievement in terms of policy
implementation,” said Dawit Bekele.  They explained that as a result of
scarceimplementation, there are many outstanding tasks still to be
addressed such as the liberalisation and privatisation of the
telecommunications sector.

The Ethiopian policy framework has primarily addressed infrastructure
development issues and ignored other important policy aspects such as
intellectual property, software, electronic commerce and internet
governance. Dawit described the situation where most Ethiopians acquire
internationally-registered domain names (such as .com) instead of
nationally registered .et addresses because they are much cheaper and
readily available. “A similar concern has been taking place in Nigeria
where there is long-standing contention around the ownership and
management of the Nigeria country domain name .ng,” added Jummai Umar of
Nigeria.

* Cyber-Crime and Anti-Terrorism Legislation

Security, censorship and privacy issues have started to move centre
stage in Africa as more and more people become aware of the risks
associated with the use of ICTs especially the internet and the impact
of insecurity on the level of confidence and trust in computer and
internet systems. Many African governments have embarked on a process of
developing legislation to improve security as a result of internet abuse
(eg the infamous ‘Nigerian millionaire scams’) and to some extent as a
counter terrorism measure following the events of September 11 2001.

We will be covering these cyber-crime legislation developments in a
later issue of Chakula.

* Telecommunications Sector Reforms

With access to and affordability of ICTs the top priority for ordinary
people, the structure of the telecommunications market continues to
dominate policy debates and measures.

Policy debates on telecommunications sector reform mostly revolve around
three issues . Firstly, the liberalisation of the market to end
monopolistic practices, allow additional operators to provide ICT
services and create a competitive environment. Secondly, either full or
partial privatisation of previously government-run telecommunications
parastatals with the aim of improving reliability and efficiency in the
sector. Thirdly, the building a regulatory framework to oversee the
effective development and management of the ICT sector and monitor the
implementation of key policy directives.

Again Dawit and Abebe cited the Ethiopia situation where despite
legislation, there is still no independent regulator and an attempt to
partially privatise the Ethiopia Telecommunication Corporation has
failed. Laws enacted to enable the liberalisation and privatisation of
the telecommunications sector have never been implemented and to date no
timelines for the privatisation and/or the liberalisation of fixed and
mobile telecommunications and internet service provision have been set.
The only tangible policy change has been the legalisation of cyber-cafes
and telecentres in 2002.

Just recently in Kenya and South Africa various stakeholder groups have
been actively involved in advocacy campaigns pressuring their
governments to actually implement unenacted policies to bring about
competition. The incumbent telecommunication operators (Telkom Kenya and
Telkom South Africa) have a monopoly over the provision of basic
telecommunication services. Citizens of both countries have experienced
steadily increasing prices and declining service quality. The situation
is made worse given the fact that legally their monopoly status has
expired but as no licences have been awarded to new players competition
is still inexistent.

Telecommunication sector reform is now at the top agenda for many
stakeholders including the private sector eager to offer services as
well as civil society groups that would like to see an end to
monopolistic practices if competition will lead to lower prices and a
diversity of services.

* CHALLENGES TO ADVOCACY ON ICT ISSUES

With such numerous ICT policy issues of concern and just a couple of
stakeholders engagement in awareness campaigns, discussion forums, and
lobbying in policy advocacy, workshop participants discussed the
challenges and perceptions associated with trying to influence the
direction of ICT policy in Africa.

The role of the media and how to engage journalists in the issues was at
the centre of debate about the challenges faced by policy advocates who
want to use the media to highlight the issues and raise public awareness
and support. “While trying to highlight some of the key issues affecting
internet access and affordability in Kenya, the Internet Service
Providers Association sent numerous press releases to the media and not
a single one of those press releases made it to the papers, we even
hired a public relations firm hoping this would improve our coverage
with no success” Brian Longwe expressing his frustration of dealing with
the media in Kenya.

In some countries such as Nigeria and Uganda lobbying itself has a “bad
name” as the general public associates lobbying with political
patronage. Workshop participants strategised on how to overcome this
perception of advocacy work from the outset.

Another challenge faced as a result of a poor understanding of ICT and
their benefits.  “In Nigeria, a government department will easily
allocate a budget of 20,000 dollars to purchase motor vehicles because
everyone knows what a motor vehicle is,” said Abdul-hakeem Ajijola.
However comparable investment in ICT infrastructure was much more
difficult to procure as officials do not ‘understand’ what is involved
or appreciate the costs involved.

Multi-stakeholder involvement at times creates additional challenges and
while the different groups may share common goals, their approaches to
lobbying may result in a tug of war between interest groups.
Participants cited situations where private sector entities lobbying for
market liberalisation were criticised by other groups for being too
single-minded in their approach. There was general agreement that a
multi-stakeholder coalition involving business, civil society and the
media broadly seeking an enabling environment with diverse services at
affordable prices may be able to lobby its government most successfully.

* LESSONS LEARNED

Amongst other lessons learnt included:

- Most participants felt that they had learned a lot about the role of 
the media in supporting advocacy campaigns. “The session on ‘How to 
write (or not write) a press release’ provided useful insights into how 
one can work with the media to ensure better coverage of our issues,” 
said one of the participants.

- The importance of having active national animators for the process at 
national level was emphasised. Such animators need to understand power 
relations and should be able to negotiate and engage with the various 
political groups at the local level.

- There is a need to build capacity at the national level to strengthen 
the ability of local institutions to advocate for change.

- Dealing with ICT policy advocacy in a multi-stakeholder workshop led 
to mutual learning, the identification of possible synergies and areas
of conflict, and broader insights. Strategies for involvement of broad
groups of stakeholders including representatives of user communities and
civil society, local government and the private sector, are essential in
ICT policy advocacy to ensure success.

- There is much to be learned from sharing ICT policy experiences across
countries and hearing how others have approached such issue, and
networking opportunities should not be underestimated, across countries
and among stakeholders.

- Creating alliances with many stakeholders can help to make creative
use of different competencies and experience, and also create a critical
mass in approaching advocacy activities.

* WHAT NEXT?

Following five days of sharing experiences, challenges and learning news
skills and strategies for ICT policy advocacy, participants started on a
process of moving forward to multi-stakeholder processes in ICT policy
advocacy in their countries based on the national action plans that were
developed during the workshop.

Taking a multi-stakeholder perspective, the participants from each
country worked together to identify one key priority on which to focus
their advocacy campaigns on their return home. “Experience has shown
that advocacy work best if a small number of issues is addressed,” said
Tina James while emphasizing the important of focus in advocacy. “It is
not easy to focus on only a few issues to develop an advocacy campaign –
most policy processes require an all-encompassing approach”, said
Margaret Zunguze of Zimbabwe explaining there were difficulties in
pinning down and focusing on one issue for policy advocacy at the
national level.

Each of the countries represented included the following as priority areas:

* ETHIOPIA
To identify stakeholders to identify pressing policy components and
establish an organisational framework for ICT policy advocacy

* KENYA
1. Ensuring that there is suitable multi-stakeholder representation on
the Communications Commission of Kenya Board as mandated by the
Telecommunications Act;
2. Lobbying for lower licence fees in order to promote competition and
ultimately lower prices for communications services.

* MOZAMBIQUE
To promote strategic and effective use the internet targeting content
providers and users (Organisations and Government)

* NIGERIA
To promote ICT for rural development and poverty alleviation through use
community media (with radio as the ICT of choice)

* SOUTH AFRICA
To ensure real access to ICTs through affordable means.

* TANZANIA
To undertake awareness campaigns on ict policy implementation targeted
at top-level government and decision-makers.

* UGANDA
To secure affordable and available bandwidth and energy for powering up
ICTs.

* ZAMBIA
Infrastructure development in the rural areas to increase ICT penetration.

* ZIMBABWE
Make computers available and accessible for all by reducing import duty,
highlighting the importance of ICTs in different sectors such as health,
education, agriculture and increasing numbers of public access points to
ICTs.

APC will continue to support the implementation of these national ICT
advocacy plans and related activities where we are anticipating a series
of advocacy events and interventions which we believe will impact
positively to the on ICT policy and regulatory environments in Africa.

The workshop was supported by DFID’s Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa
(CATIA) programme and the Canadian International Development Research
Centre (IDRC) who also continue to support these national advocacy
activities.

A detailed report from the workshop will be made available publicly soon.

You can also read the end of workshop press release:

‘ICT policy set to change – Minister of Information and Communication
backs change for the better’

http://www.apc.org/english/news/index.shtml?x=22398

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3 THE TUG OF WAR

The tug of war - Government and advocacy groups: A look at government
policy language by Monica Kerrets-Makau

One may wonder why the title a tug of war? Does that appropriately
explain the policy environment in most African nations? Many believe
this is the case as in other countries in the world. But why is this tug
of war? Is each stakeholder group not fighting for the same thing? Is
each not hoping to understand the policy terrain and all its nuances in
light of what it means to the “mwanaichi” or common man or woman?

The author answers the question through a set of multiple questions from
the perspective of government.

For more on this article, click here;
http://africa.rights.apc.org/resources-content.shtml?x=25076

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4. ICT Policy News and Events

NEWS

* Ethiopia Embarks on Telemedicine Project
08/23/2004 (Mercy Wambui, - UNECA) -- A two-week telemedicine training
programme for over 20 Ethiopian medical doctors drawn from 10 hospitals
in Addis Ababa and regional towns started on Monday 16th August 2004 at
the United Nations Conference Center (UNCC).
http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/news/082004disd_telemedicine.htm

* Behind the intrigues of licencing a Second National Operator
08/23/2004 (Albert Kabibi - The Nation) -- Recent scandals in the
Kenya's telecommunications sector have been very disturbing. However,
for the common man and woman in the street, it is difficult to know the
ins and outs of the industry without first understanding the background.
http://www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgcontententry.asp?category_id=28&newsid=14208 

* Giving Civil Society a Voice in ICT Policy
08/19/2004 (Martin Adhola - IPS News) -- Representatives of civil
society in Kenya have called for its inclusion in the redrafting of a
policy on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in
the East African country. http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=25114

IT Journalists Boycott NCC-Sponsored Workshop
08/18/2004 (Tayo Ajakaye - ThisDay Online) -- The cream of Information &
Technology reporters in the country have collectively resolved to
boycott a two-day ICT seminar being sponsored by the Nigerian
Communications Commission (NCC) expected to start this morning. The cost
of sponsoring the Seminar by the NCC was put at several millions of
Nigeria.
http://www.thisdayonline.com/business/20040812bus02.html

* Can Prohibition Of Software Imports Curb Piracy, Grow Local Sector?
08/18/2004 (Uchendu Amuta - BusinessdayOnline) -- The talk about any
form of ban on imported software in the country is one the likes of
Microsoft and Oracle whose products command leadership positions among
software users will not appreciate. Nigeria | E-Commerce Software
http://www.businessdayonline.com/index.php?fArticleId=4100

* Uganda Operators raise funds for rural communications project
08/17/2004 (Intelecon Research & Consultancy Ltd) -- According to a
report from the Xinhua News Agency, MTN, UTL and CELTEL have contributed
3.3 billion shillings (US$ 1.9 million) to the Uganda Communications
Commission's (UCC) Rural Communications Development Fund (RCDF).
http://www.regulateonline.org/intelecon/2004/August/A-Uganda-040816.htm

* Good exam results attributed to internet
08/16/2004 (Sunday Observer - IPP Media) -- The use of internet as
source of classroom materials for students and teachers alike has been
cited as a crucial means for improving secondary school examination
results in this era of science and technology.
http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/observer/2004/08/15/18488.html

* Stakeholders set up working group on Nigerian domain name
08/16/2004 (Remmy Nkweke - Daily Champion) -- In response to the
directives of the Federal Government for a broad-based non-profit body
to be formed for the management of the nation’s country code Top Level
Domain (ccTLD), .ng, Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
stakeholders, have, set up a working group.
http://champion-newspapers.com/money/teasers/article_1

* FXI slams Telkom over Hellkom
08/15/2004 (Paul Vecchiatto) -- The Freedom of Expression Institute
(FXI) says Telkom is “lying” in its letter and statements against parody
site Hellkom, in which Telkom accuses it of trademark infringement and
encouraging hate speech.
http://www.itweb.co.za/sections/telecoms/2004/0408131116.asp?S=Business&A=BUS&O=FRGN

* Deadline looms for comment on e-commerce laws
08/15/2004 (Businessday ) -- Regulations designed to build more trust in
e-commerce and to promote the commercial use of email and the internet
have been issued by the communications department for public comment.
http://www.bday.co.za/bday/content/direct/1,3523,1679016-6129-0,00.html

* Parliament is urged to enact phone theft law
08/15/2004 (Evelyn Kwamboka - East African Standard) -- Mobile phone
companies want parliament to enact a new law to help curb rampant theft
of mobile handsets in the country. Kenya | Laws and Regulation
Telecommunications
http://www.eastandard.net/archives/august/sat14082004/business/bsnews14080402.htm

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EVENTS

08/31/2004 : Copy rights and responsibilities defining the South African 
public commons

Copy rights and responsibilities defining the South African public 
commons South Africa, often at the front line of battles around global 
copyright  has a unique and timely opportunity to lead with intellectual 
property rights innovations such as those proposed by Creative Commons. 
It is  unclear who will win the battle over whether there will be more 
copy rights than responsibilities in the information age, but what is 
clear is that business, communities, NGOs and government cannot afford 
to remain ignorant about copyright and its effects.
http://africa.rights.apc.org/en.shtml?apc=ee_1&x=24877

09/01/2004: CODESRIA Conference on Electronic Publishing and Dissemination

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
(CODESRIA) Conference On Electronic Publishing and Dissemination is
scheduled for September 1 - 2 in Dakar. The conference will focus on
electronic publishing and dissemination of information.
http://www.codesria.org/Links/News/elpublish.htm

09/05/2004: Building Awareness of, and Support For Use of Free and Open 
Source

Software Solutions (FOSS) in Women's Organisations
Women'sNet, a non-profit women's organisation is hosting a SADC regional
workshop to build awareness of and the potential use of Free and Open
Source Solutions (FOSS) in the non-profit sector, and women's
organisations specifically.
http://www.womensnet.org.za/calendarofevents.php?page=showcomments&id=74

09/05/2004:UniversitIES Taking a Leading Role in ICT-enabled Human 
Development

This conference is organised by the Directorate of ICT Support, Makerere
University. There will be discussion of major roles that universities
have played in the development and utilisation of information and
communication technologies in developing countries, where the absence of
ICTs is compounded by poverty and high levels of illiteracy.
http://www.makerere.ac.ug/dicts/conference/index.htm

09/06/2004: The Sixth Annual African Computing & Telecommunications 
Summit (ACT 2004)

The theme of the Summit will be "Developing Africa as an ICT Outsourcing
Destination." The summit will be reflecting the growing interest among
Africa’s leading ICT markets in generating employment opportunities
through marketing computing services internationally. The summit will be
an opportunity to pool knowledge and experience to promote the continent
on the international stage.
http://www.aitecafrica.com/act2004/index.htm

09/16/2004: Highway Africa Conference 2004

The Highway Africa conference 2004 will take place from September 16-18,
2004. This will be the eighth edition of this well-established and
largest annual gathering of African journalists on the continent. The
conference concentrates on new media issues relevant for journalists,
encompassing the policy, economics, development and technology questions
around Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). It aims to
help facilitate African media's integration into the Global Information
Society.
http://www.highwayafrica.ru.ac.za/

09/20/2004: Consultations on the establishment of the Working Group on 
Internet Governance (WGIG)

Consultations on the establishment of the Working Group on Internet
Governance (WGIG) will be held in Geneva on 20/21 September 2004. The
consultations will be open to all Governments and observers accredited
to the WSIS and its preparatory process.
http://www.itu.int/wsis/preparatory2/wgig/index.html

10/17/2004: Women and ICT: Challenges and Opportunities

The objective of the conference is to draw a roadmap for the caucus that
will enable effective Women participation at WSIS-Tunis 2005 and a
report back of the activities and agreements made at the Geneva-WSIS
2003. A detailed workplan through a participatory approach covering all
major challenges that Women identified at the Geneva phase in readiness
for Tunis 2005 will be drawn up at the conference.
http://www.womensnet.org.za/calendarofevents.php?page=showcomments&id=83

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4 INFORMATION AND RESOURCES:

* Africa Calls For More Cyber-Rights

The Internet, developed as an instrument of US military
defence, has long been controlled by the United States. But as the
Internet evolves into a global commercial and information resource and a
potential tool for development, a growing number of countries are
demanding a stake in its running.
http://www.panos.org.uk/newsfeatures/featuredetails.asp?id=1205

* Africa’s Information Society Hindered By Culture Of Secrecy

Everyone needs and wants to communicate, and they do so with
the tools at hand. Africa’s needy urban people are using the most
readily available communication technology for them, mobile phones, in
innovative ways. But there is still a question over whether this access
gives them true inclusion in the global ‘information society’ – the
people with access to communication technologies and the information
they share.
http://www.panos.org.uk/newsfeatures/featuredetails.asp?id=1206

* Mobile Africa Must Not Leave Its Villages Behind

Africa has entered the information revolution. In 2003 alone
over 13 million new mobile subscribers were added on the continent, a
figure equivalent to the total number of telephone – fixed-line and
mobile – subscribers in 1995. The number of mobile users in Uganda alone
has multiplied 131 times
http://www.panos.org.uk/newsfeatures/featuredetails.asp?id=1187

* Bridging the Gender Digital Divide

Gender Commissioned by UNDP, this report represents a joint
effort of UNDP and UNIFEM to deepen knowledge about gender dimensions
within ICT for Development (ICTD) and to strengthen integration of
gender within the work of UNDP and others working to promote ICTD in the
region. The report highlights the need for increased action to address
imbalances between women’s and men’s access to and participation in ICTs
in the CEE/CIS region. It also emphasizes the powerful potential of ICTs
as a vehicle for advancing gender equality.
http://africa.rights.apc.org/en.shtml?apc=ie_1&x=24878

* African Internet Country Market Profiles now Available

Balancing Act’s African Internet Country Market Profiles is published in
four parts. Part 1: West Africa has just been published and covers 22
countries. Part 2: East Africa will be published in early 2005. Part 3:
Southern and Central Africa will be published in mid-2005. Part 4: North
Africa will be published at the end of 2005. For further details:
http://www.balancingact-africa.com

* Fact Finding Mission to Zimbabwe – Report

The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) sent a Fact
Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the situation of the media in the
country. MISA has now released the final report. It concludes that given
the current media landscape free and fair elections in 2005 are 'highly
unlikely'.
http://www.misa.org/publications/Zim_final_Report.doc

* Free/Libre and Open Source Software and Open Standards in South Africa

South Africa, Software The National Advisory Council on
Innovation (NACI) Open Software Working Group have produced a discussion
document called "Free/Libre & Open Source Software (FLOSS) and Open
Standards in South Africa: A Critical Issue for Addressing the Digital
Divide".
http://www.naci.org.za/floss/index.html

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5. Subscribing to 'Chakula' Africa ICT Policy Monitor newsletter

Contact: chakula at apc.org for questions, comments and contributions to
the Africa ICT Policy Monitor Project

If you want to subscribe or unsubscribe to Chakula, please go to:
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Emmanuel Njenga Njuguna
Africa Policy Monitor Project
Association for Progressive Communications (APC)
Email: africa.rights at apc.org
Web: http://africa.rights.apc.org
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